The three pathways - 189 vs 190 vs 491
Australia's skilled migration program runs on three main subclasses, all selected from the same SkillSelect points pool. Each has different points cutoffs, restrictions, and benefits.
| Factor | Subclass 189 | Subclass 190 | Subclass 491 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Independent skilled (federal) | State nominated | Regional state nominated |
| Points needed (competitive) | 85-95+ | 70-85 | 65-80 |
| State sponsorship | No | Yes | Yes |
| Regional restriction | No | No | Yes (regional Australia) |
| PR on arrival | Yes | Yes | No (3-year provisional) |
| Path to permanent | PR (subclass 189) | PR (subclass 190) | PR via Subclass 191 after 3 years |
| Bonus points | โ | +5 (state nomination) | +15 (regional) |
| Best for Pakistani applicants | Top scorers only | Most accessible PR-on-arrival | Most accessible overall |
Typical Pakistani applicants score 65-80 on the base SkillSelect points. That puts the 189 (federal) realistically out of reach for most, the 190 (state nominated) marginal, and the 491 (regional) the most realistic. Many Pakistani applicants who succeed on Australia PR enter via the 491 โ 191 (PR after 3 years in regional Australia) pathway.
A second realistic path: study in Australia โ Graduate visa (485) โ 491 or 190. Many Pakistani students at Australian universities convert to PR within 5-7 years total.
Points calculator - typical Pakistani scores
The SkillSelect points test runs to a maximum of 145 points, but most successful applicants score in the 65-95 range. Below is a typical breakdown for a Pakistani IT professional aged 28-32 with a Bachelor's degree, 4 years of work experience and IELTS 7.0:
| Factor | Pakistani applicant typical | Max possible |
|---|---|---|
| Age (25-32) | 30 | 30 |
| English (IELTS 7.0 = Proficient) | 10 | 20 |
| Skilled employment (4 yrs offshore) | 10-15 | 15 |
| Education (Bachelor's) | 15 | 20 (PhD) |
| Australian study | 0 | 5-10 |
| Specialist education (Master's) | 0 | 10 |
| Partner skills bonus | 0-10 | 10 |
| Single (no partner) | 0-10 | 10 |
| Regional study | 0 | 5 |
| NAATI translation (community language) | 0-5 | 5 |
| State nomination (190) | 0-5 | 5 |
| Regional nomination (491) | 0-15 | 15 |
| TOTAL (base case, no nomination) | 65-70 | โ |
| TOTAL (with 491 nomination) | 80-85 | โ |
| TOTAL (with 190 + Master's + partner) | 85-95 | โ |
Calculate your score in two minutes at Australia Points Calculator.
IELTS and PTE strategy for Pakistanis
English testing for Australia uses IELTS General Training, PTE Academic, OET (for medical professionals), or TOEFL iBT. The score thresholds:
| Level | IELTS | PTE Academic | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| Competent | 6.0 each | 50 each | 0 |
| Proficient | 7.0 each | 65 each | 10 |
| Superior | 8.0 each | 79 each | 20 |
The single biggest swing factor in Pakistani points scores is jumping from Proficient (10 points) to Superior (20 points). That additional 10 points is often the difference between qualifying and not.
Typical first-attempt Pakistani results: IELTS 6.0-7.0, PTE 55-65. With focused prep (8-12 weeks), most applicants can reach IELTS 7.5/PTE 75. Reaching IELTS 8.0/PTE 79 takes another 8-16 weeks of intensive work.
PTE Academic is increasingly preferred over IELTS by Pakistani applicants for three reasons: results return in 5 working days (vs 13 for IELTS), the test is fully computer-based (no human examiner), and the speaking section often produces higher Pakistani scores. PTE centres operate in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Cost: PKR 55,000-60,000 per attempt. IELTS is administered by British Council Pakistan in the same cities.
Skills assessment for Pakistani qualifications
Before submitting your Expression of Interest in SkillSelect, you need a positive skills assessment from the relevant Australian assessing authority. Each occupation has its own assessing body:
- ACS - Australian Computer Society. For IT and software occupations. Pakistani BS/BCS from HEC-recognized universities + 2-4 years experience typically gets a 'suitable' assessment.
- Engineers Australia. For all engineering disciplines. Pakistani BE from NED/UET/NUST/GIK is typically assessed via the Washington Accord pathway (faster) or the Competency Demonstration Report (CDR) pathway.
- ANMAC - Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council. For nurses. Pakistani BSN graduates require additional bridging programs in many cases.
- VETASSESS - for trades and many other occupations not covered above.
- AHPRA - Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. For doctors, pharmacists, physiotherapists, and other regulated health professions.
HEC attestation of your Pakistani degree is the prerequisite step before any skills assessment. Verify your university's HEC status at hec.gov.pk. Pakistani work experience requires statutory declarations from each employer - typically signed by the HR director on company letterhead, notarised by a Pakistani notary.
Costs in PKR
| Item | Cost (AUD) | Cost (PKR) |
|---|---|---|
| Skills assessment (ACS, Engineers Australia, etc.) | 550-1,000 | ~118,000-215,000 |
| IELTS or PTE Academic (per attempt) | 240-260 | ~52,000-56,000 |
| Visa application fee (Subclass 189/190/491) | 4,910 | ~1,057,000 |
| English test for dependents (per person) | 240 | ~52,000 |
| Medical exam (Panel Physician Pakistan) | 150-250 | ~32,000-54,000 |
| Police clearance (Pakistan + other countries) | 5,000-15,000 PKR | ~5,000-15,000 |
| NAATI translation (if needed for community language bonus) | 500-1,000 | ~108,000-215,000 |
| HEC degree attestation | โ | ~5,000-10,000 |
| Document attestations and notary | โ | ~20,000-40,000 |
| TOTAL (single applicant, government fees) | ~6,000-7,500 | ~1,290,000-1,615,000 |
| TOTAL (with agent, dependents, travel) | ~12,000-18,000 | ~2,580,000-3,870,000 |
Australia PR is the most expensive of the major Pakistani migration pathways. The AUD 4,910 visa fee is significantly higher than Canada (C$1,365 government fee) or the UK (ยฃ1,539 visa fee). Most Pakistani applicants self-fund through Gulf earnings or family loans rather than employer sponsorship - unlike the UK NHS pathway, Australian employers rarely cover the PR application costs.
Pakistani community in Australia
The Pakistani-Australian community is smaller than the UK or Canadian diasporas (89,633 vs 1.66M and 303K) but rapidly growing - up roughly 50% in the past decade. Major communities:
- Sydney - Auburn, Lakemba, Parramatta, Liverpool. The largest Pakistani concentration in Australia. Pakistani-owned restaurants, halal grocers, mosques.
- Melbourne - Dandenong, Clayton, Werribee. Strong Pakistani student and IT professional presence.
- Perth - Mirrabooka, Cannington. Pakistani families in mining and oil/gas support sectors.
- Brisbane - Algester, Acacia Ridge. Growing community, particularly in healthcare and IT.
- Adelaide - Adelaide Northern Suburbs. Smaller community, often via the 491 regional visa pathway.
Cricket is the strongest cultural anchor - Australian-Pakistani cricket leagues operate in every major city, and Pakistan-Australia Test matches are major community events. Mosques in every major city. Halal food is widely available in mainstream supermarkets. Urdu is the most-spoken Pakistani language in Australia, followed by Punjabi and Pashto.
Frequently asked questions
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